Ashcan School :: essays research papers

ASHCAN SCHOOL The Ashcan School was a movement which was integral and in a way 1 inevitable with the infancy of the twentieth century. This movement in art was brought about by a handful of artists who converged on New York City around the turn of the century.2 The major Ashcan artists who will be discussed later are Robert Henry ( 1865- 1929), George Luks (1866- 1933), Everett Shinn (1876- 1953), George Bellows (1882- 1925), John Sloan (1871- 1951), and William Glackens ( 1870- 1938).3 These were the major members of the Ashcan School. This is a group of artists who are credited with documenting the ordinary life on a human level in New York City during this incredible time of transformation. Because of these artists we have a picture of New York not based on the monuments or buildings but based on the interaction and the coexistence of the people who shaped the society which was emerging. The island of Manhattan was consolidated into the greater New York City in 1898. Because of this the city was transformed from a nineteenth century seaport with cobblestone streets into a twentieth century metropolis of skyscrapers and subways. The artists of the Ashcan movement saw this changing society in human terms. They saw this in a light which depicted the interaction of so many different cultures which were being thrust together. They documented these changes on a level which the ordinary person could understand. Because of the Ashcan School we have a picture of society which one really cannot understand amidst the overpowering spectacle of overpowering buildings and increasing technology.4 To understand the Ashcan movement it is necessary to look more closely at some of the major artists who were involved. George Bellows moved to New York in 1904 after he dropped out of Ohio State University following his junior year. Once in New York he enrolled in classes at The New York School of Art. He quickly became Robert Henri's star pupil and valued friend. Bellows was fascinated by New York City. He attempted to capture in his art the social change which he noticed in the city. By the time he was twenty four his art had the attention of the cities leading critics, and his work was shown regularly at exhibitions at the national academy of design. Bellows became the youngest artist ever to elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1909.

Films Present Psychosocial Disabilities Essay

A number of films feature psychosocial disabilities simply because some people suffer from these illnesses in real life. Through analyzing films, one can comprehend the attitudes of society toward people with these disabilities. It can be a special emphasis on their capabilities or a barrier on their participation in the community. Since these individuals have to relate with society in order to grow and mature as individuals, films try to convey their stories to the audience. Through film, the societal attitudes and on how these affect the lives of people with disabilities are explored. These may be strategies that either help or delineate the societal attitudes on those who have psychosocial disabilities. (De Leon, 352) Therefore, it helps to examine and understand the contributions of these societal attitudes and theories of personality in order to comprehend the relations of those who have psychosocial disabilities to society. The way they cope with their illness and react to loss is slowly observed and from there, the method to relate is determined. It is important to describe the developmental concepts of the person suffering from the illness. His regard on body image and self-concept are factors on how he adjusts with his disability. By reviewing the psychosocial models of adaptations to the disabilities and emphasizing on the patient’s experiences, behaviors, reactions and phases, it is easier to come up with the conclusion on how he can adjust to society. A technique films use in presenting psychosocial disabilities to audience is to figuring out the patient’s commonalities that are both personal and transpersonal to society. By observing the experiences and the reactions from these events, the onset and root of the disability is discovered. (Farrington, 135) Films dealing with psychosocial disabilities increase the understanding of society to what people with these disabilities have to go through. Some will say that these are just movies; however, these movies are inspired by real life. By becoming familiar with the psychosocial adaptations of both the patient and society, counseling and therapeutic procedures will benefit those who need it more because their techniques in coping and adjusting have been tried and tested. This paper will discuss three films that show psychosocial disabilities: 1. ) autism in â€Å"The Rain Man†, AIDS/HIV in â€Å"Philadephia† and mental retardation in â€Å"There’s Something about Mary†. All three films are popular and have been watched by most Americans, therefore it is easier to cite examples in these movies on this paper. For coherence, this paper will present how the disability was represented in the film by describing the patient’s functional limitations. It will also discuss how the disability affects the patient’s body image and self-perceptions. Then it will proceed to the reactions, as well as the coping strategies of the patient with his disability. At the same time, the paper will indicate how society’s reaction towards the patient and his ability affect his attitudes. †Rain Man† (1988) follows Charlie Babbit (Tom Cruise) and his transformation from a selfish yuppie to a selfless brother. This is because of the days he spent with his older brother Raymond (Dustin Hoffman) who is the benefactor of their father’s financial assets but is autistic and has difficulties in communicating. Charlie’s initial reaction to their father’s decision of leaving $3 million to his autistic brother is general as that of most people. He believes that Raymond does not understand the whole concept of money. Therefore, Charlie was determined to get his share. He goes on a road trip with Raymond, only to be annoyed by his neurotic habits. It even gets to the point that he thinks Raymond is pretending to be autistic in order for Charlie to not get his share of the fiscal assets. Autism is a brain development disorder that affects communication and social interaction. It results to repetitive and restricted behavior. In the film, Hoffman does acts that autistics usually do. An example is the memorization of details which most â€Å"normal† people do not pay attention to. In one scene, Charlie and Raymond are supposed to fly to California but the latter resists. He then cites knowledge from both media reports and the encyclopedia on airline accidents and crashes. Raymond creates a scene when Charlie forcefully drags him to the terminal. (Stowe, 12) This is only the beginning of the sling of Raymond’s eccentricities which Charlie has to adjust with. Charlie uses the two-lane highways because Raymond is convinced that highway driving is fatal. He also refuses to go out when it rains. The whole road trip annoys Charlie because he wants to get his inheritance as soon as possible. On the other hand, the people who meet Raymond are amazed of his uniqueness. In a restaurant, one waitress is baffled on how Raymond knows her name and her home phone number. Apparently, he has read up and memorized the directory. The same waitress drops a box of toothpicks on the floor. Raymond calculates the number of toothpicks on the floor and gets the right number. Autistic patients often prefer to do things in order. In the film, Raymond wants maple syrup served before the pancakes. When he does not get his way, he throws a tantrum which brings Charlie to a boiling point. He grabs Raymond’s neck and says, â€Å"Stop acting like a retard! † Autistic patients also like to keep notes. In the movie, Raymond carries a red spiral notebook where he jots down â€Å"squeezed and pulled and hurt my neck in 1988. † Charlie’s relation with his brother Raymond is an allusion of society’s interaction with autistics. Initially, there are feelings of annoyance and irritation. Eventually, these strong quasi-hateful emotions will soften. Like Charlie, society has a growing sense of responsibility to protect autistics from the negative aspects of the world. (Turnbull) †Philadelphia† (1993) tackles HIV/AIDS. The main character is Andrew Beckett (Tom Hanks) who is a University of Pennsylvania law-school graduate. He works for a large law film in Philadelphia. He has not come out of the closet. Also, he has AIDS. It gets to the point where his condition has developed Kaposi’s Sarcoma. This is a form of cancer that is apparent because it comes in multiple tumors on the skin and the lymph nodes. Through a scheme that involves the deleting of the files on the case he has pondered on, he is fired from his job. In the library people leave immediately as soon as they see Andrew with the blotches on his skin. Witnessing the discrimination Andrew has to go through, Joe changes his mind and takes on the case. HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a retrovirus that results to AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The immune system fails to function properly. This leads to life-threatening infections in the human body. Throughout the film, Andrew and Joe establish respect and trust for one another. Joe’s homophobia is not an issue. Despite the shock of the Pennsylvanian population, Joe presents to everyone that Andrew is not a virus in society. He berates Andrew’s boss of perjury by humiliating Andrew claiming that he is incompetent, simply because he is finding a reason to let him go. In the end, Andrew wins his case and he receives a total $4,240,000. This win makes a statement on sexual discrimination in Philadelphia in terms of preference. Unfortunately, for Andrew, the news is bittersweet as he stays in a hospital with his family around him. He undergoes medication to lessen the seizures. There is a moment in the movie wherein Joe approaches Andrew and helps him with his oxygen mask. In that act, Joe’s fingers touch Andrew’s face. This is the complete opposite of how he reacted in the earlier part of the film – when he shook his hand and wiped it clean, after knowing he had AIDS. Released in the early 90s, â€Å"Philadelphia† signaled the move for Hollywood to depict homosexuals realistically. Since then, movies and TV shows feature gays and lesbians, which is a breather to those who are open-minded. (Gary, 224) Schools require sex education in order for teenagers to be informed and knowledgeable on HIV and AIDS. (Green, 42) †There’s Something About Mary† (1998) is a comedy directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly, collectively known as the Farrelly brothers. Unlike â€Å"Rain Man† and â€Å"Philadelphia,† the psychosocial disability in â€Å"There’s Something About Mary† does not have an entire effect on the film. As opposed to the fact that Charlie and Raymond’s relationship are affected by Raymond’s autism and it is Andrew’s HIV that begins the case in the first place, the psychosocial disability in â€Å"There’s Something About Mary† is Warren’s mental retardation. Warren, played by W. Earl Brown, is the older brother of Mary (Cameron Diaz). He has stunted language and motor skills and has an intellectual capacity as that of a child. In the movie, he gets mad whenever strangers touch his ears. Thus he always has to have these covered. People who are mentally retarded have slow developmental abilities. They have a delay in their learning and development. In the movie, Ted Stroehmann (Ben Stiller) tries so hard to take care of Warren in order to show Mary how much he cares for her, that he is willing look after her brother. Warren in the movie has a hard time speaking. He also finds it hard to remember things and cannot understand the social rules. Whenever Warren does not get his way, he threatens people with his baseball bat. He also has a trouble thinking logically and throws tantrums. The common bond among autism, AIDS and mental retardation is that these are disabilities and are not diseases. Unfortunately, there is no cure to any of these. The only way the family of the patient can help is to support and be physically present as the individual goes through this hard phase. In the United States, there are agencies which assist people with psychosocial disabilities. It is operated by the state and is non-profit. There are departments that provide housing to the staff of the nurses and doctors who care for the patients. An example is the institution Raymond is staying in. Apparently, in real life, there are also institutions such as these. Another social issue that was previously taboo is homosexuality. Thanks to the participation of media, gays and lesbians are given a voice through the characters in movies and TV shows. A stereotype on homosexuals is that they are the ones who have AIDS/HIV. Apparently, straight men like Magic Johnson can also get the disability. Through information technology, people are informed on the 411 of HIV. People with psychosocial disabilities may take several medications but it will not lessen the complications. Therefore, society must participate in special programs that will enlighten them on how to care for those who have these disabilities. It may take some time to accomplish this but the finish line is for â€Å"normal† people and those who have psychosocial disabilities live together, without annoyance and prejudice. (Farber, 124) The prejudice and the exclusion by society of people with these disabilities result to the factors of recognizing those who are intellectual, physical and psychologically smarter, despite their illness. This is what films featuring these disabilities have brought forth into the real world. It may be entertainment, but it is interesting to note that both â€Å"Rain Man† and â€Å"Philadelphia† were somehow inspired by real life stories. Raymond was inspired by Kin Peek while Andrew Beckett’s inspiration was the real-life attorney Geoffrey Bowers who also sued his law firm. One of the current concerns of society is equality. There will always be the struggle for equality, especially in marginalized parties. The equal rights give individuals the ability and the power to make their own decisions. Unfortunately, autistic and those who have mental retardation cannot do as such. Therefore, the social model of disability has been created. This requires a change in society. This motivates people to be more positive toward those with the disabilities. The former must not underestimate the latter’s behavior and traits for the very reason that these may be potential qualities of a contributing citizen. There are social support organizations that deal with the resources, barriers and discrimination of people who have disabilities. (Patricia, 243) Lastly and most importantly, just as like that of HIV/AIDS, these organizations inform the general society what they must know about autism and mental retardation. Just because a loved one is not suffering from the psychosocial disease, it does not mean that one family will stop caring. Films encourage us to care. By letting us into the world of which we are not familiar with, we take in the knowledge that we can, be it the side comedy provided by the supporting character Warren in â€Å"There’s Something About Mary†, or the side story of the courtroom drama in â€Å"Philadelphia† or the best example out of all three, the very reason for two brothers to re-discover one another. Works Cited De Leon, George, Community As Method: Therapeutic Communities for Special Populations and Special Settings, Praeger Publishers, 1997 Farrington, David P. , Early Prevention of Adult Antisocial Behavior, Cambridge University Press, 2003 Stowe, Matthew J, â€Å"Tools for Analyzing Policy â€Å"On the Books† and Policy â€Å"On The Streets†, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Vol 12, 2001 Turnbull, Rutherford III, â€Å"I Have Six Kids Who Are Autistic†, The Mirror, March 12, 2005 Green, Philip, Cracks in the Pedestal: Ideology and Gender in Hollywood, University of Massachusetts Press, 1998 Arnold, Gary, â€Å"’In’ Fails To Keep Out Incoherent Plot Twists†, The Washington Times, September 19, 1997 Farber, Bernard, Mental Retardation: Its Social Contexts and Social Consequences, Houghton Mifflin, 1968 Ainsworth, Patricia, Understanding Mental Retardation, University Press of Mississippi, 2004

Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay - 1367 Words

Elizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born in 1806 in County Durham, England. She was the eldest of twelve children born to Edward Barrett Moulin Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, or Ba, grew up in her family’s estate Hope End, Henfordshire. They were part of the upper-middle class, owning a successful sugar trade. Elizabeth began writing at a very early age. When she was twelve her father had her first epic poem The Battle of Marathon privately printed (Radley 15). She referred to this work as Pope’s Homer done over again, or rather undone (28). Her diary at this time in her life offered glimpses into her perceptive and expressive writing style. Three years later she became†¦show more content†¦Elizabeth suffered from many illnesses at this time. In 1838 her Uncle Samuel Barrett died and left her an inheritance substantial enough to provide her with living expenses. The following year her favorite brother Samuel nicknamed Bro, drowned. Elizabeth became depressed for some time. The 1840s saw many famous works produced by Elizabeth. Some of these include The Cry of the Children, De Profoundest and The Dead Pan. She also published Poems. Poems contained tributes to famous poets Elizabeth revered such as Robert Browning and Henry Wordsworth. In 1845 Elizabeth received her first letter from Robert Browning. He wrote in praise of her poetry. They corresponded for several months, marrying in 1846. Their marriage was not welcome by her father. Her relationship with him was never the same. The couple made their home in Florence, Italy. In Italy, Elizabeth became interested in the country’s politics. She hoped the country would unify. She expressed this feeling in her Poems before Congress, published in 1860 (25). In 1849, the Browning’s welcomed their first and only child, Robert Wiedmeman Barrett-Browning, called Pen. A year later she produced and published Sonnets from the Portuguese, her most famous work. The sonnets were a sequence of 44 sonnets recording the growth of her love for Robert. He often called her ‘my little Portuguese’ because of her dark complexion (Critical Poet). During thatShow MoreRelatedWilliam Browning And Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary works usually describe the condition of their period directly or indirectly. The two authors, Roberts Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, also expose the culture and the condition of the society of the Victorian era through their works. The authors are married couple authors of the Victorian era. Roberts Browning’s a typical literary work is My Last Duchess. Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s one of the most famous work is Aurora Leigh. In the two poems, the authors m ainly focus on the differentRead MoreEssay On Elizabeth Barrett Browning955 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an English poet of the Victorian Era. She was born on March 6, 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. Barrett had a big family, she was the oldest out of 12 children. Her parents, Mary Graham Clarke and Edward Barrett, educated their children at home. The family made their money off of Jamaican sugar plantations and depended on slave labor. Barrett began her love for reading and writing poetry at a very young age. She began reading the classicRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning was born on March 6, 1806, in Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England. She was the eldest of eleven children born of Edward and Mary Moulton-Barrett (DISCovering Authors). Her father was a â€Å"possessive and autocratic man loved by his children even though he rigidly controlled their lives† (Encyclopedia of World Biography). Although he forbid his daughters to marry, he always managed to encourage their scholarly pursuits ( DISCovering Authors). Her mother, Mary Graham-Clarke, was a prosperousRead MoreThe Life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pages Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett was born March 6, 1806 in Durham, England to Edward Barrett Moulton-Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke. She was the eldest of twelve. Her father made the family fortune from a sugar plantation. In 1809, the Barretts moved to an estate called Hope End in England. Elizabeth Barrett’s childhood was spent happily at the family’s home in England. She had no formal education, learning solely from her brother’s tutor and from her continuous reading. She managed over the yearsRead MoreSpeech And Writing Of Elizabeth Barrett Browning1002 Words   |  5 Pageslived enough to know,† -Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Aurora Leigh v. 187). In the Victorian Age, a woman s greatest duty was that of being a wife and a mother. Women were told that they must be graceful, quiet, dependent, passive and to love with an absence of passion. They were of little individual worth apart from their husbands. A woman s enthusiastic interest in a higher, more a dvanced education was most definitely frowned upon by society. Elizabeth Barrett Browning outrightly questioned andRead MoreThe Cry Of The Children By Elizabeth Barrett Browning1368 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"The Cry of the Children† is a poignant look into the horrid practice of child labor that took place in the mines and factories of 1840’s industrial England. Browning paints such a vivid, disturbing picture that she aroused the conscience of the entire nation. A new historicist perspective into this poem will help understand why Browning decided to take a stand and speak up for these children through her work. The poem opens with,† Do ye hear the children weeping,Read MoreSonnet 21 By Elizabeth Barrett Browning965 Words   |  4 PagesSonnet 21 by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is a poem where the speaker is questioning her partner s love for her. Barrett Browing uses a Petrarchan line scheme and iambic pentameter. The tone of the poem is riddled with raw emotion, uncertainty, and vulnerability. Throughout Sonnet 21, Barrett Browning demonstrates that the bloom of love, like spring flowers, is fleeting. The poem opens with, Say over again, and yet once over again,/ That thou dost love me (Barrett Browning 1-2). The opening lineRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning s The Cry Of The Children1067 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"The Cry of the Children† Like many writers in the Victorian Age, Elizabeth Barrett Browning used her poetry as a platform to reach a larger audience to bring awareness to contemporary social issues (Greenblatt, â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning† pp. 1,123). Common issues that were written about during the Victorian Age included inequality between men and women, child labor and the American abolitionist movement (1,123). According to the first footnote referenced in her poemRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning s The Battle Of Marathon1008 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Barrett Browning was born on March 6, 1806 in England. She was the first of twelve children. Her family were wealthy sugar plantation owners on the British held island of Jamaica Elizabeth was encouraged by her mother to learn several different languages and by the time she was six she knew French, Latin and Greek. In 1816, at age 10, Elizabeth was so proficient in French, she composed a classical French tragedy, Regulus. By the time she was twelve she was writing short novels andRead MoreElizabeth Barrett Browning s Love909 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth s Love What is Love? Love can be described as an intense emotional feeling with the ability to change the life of the giver and the recipient of this profound emotion. Love can be described as a verb or action. Love can be experienced in varying levels of intensity. Elizabeth Barrett Browning credits her love for her husband as the power that headed her emotionally, physically, and spiritually. EEB began writing at the age of twelve, but two years later, she was confined

Did Christopher Columbus Discover America

If youre studying the history of American civil liberties, odds are good that your textbook will start at 1776 and move forward from there. This is unfortunate because much of what happened during the 284-year colonial period (1492–1776) has had a profound impact on the U.S. approach to civil rights. Take, for example, the standard elementary school lesson about how Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. What are we really teaching our children? Did Christopher Columbus Discover the Americas, Period? No. Humans have lived in the Americas for at least 15,000 years. By the time Columbus arrived, the Americas were populated by hundreds of small nations and several full-out empires such as the Inca in Peru and the Aztecs in Mexico. Further, the population influx from the west continued pretty much consistently, with late migrations into the Arctic region and the Peruvian coast by Easter Islands within a century of Columbuss landfall. Was Christopher Columbus the First European to Locate the Americas by Sea? No. Viking explorers clearly visited the eastern coast of North America and Greenland by the early 10th century. There is also a largely discredited theory suggesting that European migration to the Americas may have been accomplished by the late Upper Paleolithic period, c. 12,000 years ago. Was Columbus the First European to Create a Settlement in the Americas? No. The Viking explorer Eric the Red (950–1003 CE) established a colony in Greenland in about 982 and his son Leif Erikson (970–1012) established one in Newfoundland in about 1000. The Greenland settlement lasted 300 years; but the Newfoundland one, called Lanse aux Meadows, failed after a decade. Why Didnt the Norse Create Permanent Settlements? They did set up permanent settlements in Iceland and Greenland, but they ran into difficulties because they were unfamiliar with the local crops, and the lands were already settled by people the Vikings called skraelings who didnt welcome the newcomers. What Did Christopher Columbus Do, Exactly? He became the first European in recorded history to successfully conquer a small part of the Americas and then establish a trade route for the transportation of slaves and goods. In other words, Christopher Columbus didnt discover America; he monetized it. As he boasted to the Spanish royal finance minister, upon completion of his first voyage: [T]heir highnesses can see that I will give them as much gold as they may need, if their highness will render me very slight assistance; moreover, I will give them spices and cotton, as much as their highnesses shall command; and mastic, as much as they shall order to be shipped and which, up to now, has been found only in Greece, in the island of Chios, and the Seignory sells it for what it pleases; and aloe, as much as they shall order to be shipped; and slaves, as many as they shall order to be shipped and who will be from the idolaters. I believe also that I have found rhubarb and cinnamon, and I shall find a thousand other things of value... The voyage of 1492 was still a dangerous passage into uncharted territories, but Christopher Columbus was neither the first European to visit the Americas nor the first to establish a settlement there. His motives were anything but honorable, and his behavior was purely self-serving. He was, in effect, an ambitious pirate with a Spanish royal charter. Why Does This Matter? From a civil liberties point of view, the claim that Christopher Columbus discovered America contains several problematic implications. The most serious is the idea that the Americas were in any sense undiscovered when they were, in fact, already occupied. This belief—which would later be more explicitly incorporated into the idea of Manifest Destiny—obscures the horrifying moral implications of what Columbus, and those who followed him, did. There are also troubling, albeit more abstract, First Amendment implications to our governments decision to enforce a national mythology by having our educational system tell children a lie in the name of patriotism and then require them to regurgitate this correct answer on tests in order to pass. Our government expends considerable funds to defend this lie every year on Columbus Day, which is understandably upsetting for many survivors of the American Indian genocide and their allies. As Suzanne Benally, the former executive director of Cultural Survival, puts it: We ask that on this Columbus Day, a reflection of historical facts be observed. By the time European colonizers arrived, Indigenous people had already been on this continent for more than 20,000 years. We were farmers, scientists, astronomers, artists, mathematicians, singers, architects, physicians, teachers, mother, fathers, and Elders living in sophisticated societies †¦ We object to a false and hurtful holiday that perpetuates a vision of a land open to conquest of its Native inhabitants, their highly evolved societies, and natural resources.  We stand in solidarity with the call to transform Columbus Day by not recognizing and honoring the day as Columbus Day. Christopher Columbus did not discover America, and there is no good reason to keep pretending that he did.

An Example Of Good Writing Zinssers simplicity Essay...

An Example Of Good Writing: Zinssers quot;Simplicityquot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Zinssers essay on Simplicity is an example of good writing for many reasons. The main topic in his essay is clutter. Throughout the essay he not only tells us why this is a problem, but he shows us through many detailed examples. The essay was written so that anyone who reads it could understand it. He does not use complex words that often tend to loose a reader. Zinsser asks questions throughout the essay that cause the reader to think and feel as though he is a part of the essay. The whole essay gives the reader a positive outlook on writing. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Clutter is all the unnecessary words that are added to a sentence. When a†¦show more content†¦When Zinsser is proving this point in his essay he uses the example of the president of a major university writing a very unclear letter to state a problem the school was experiencing. Zinsser translates the letter to read the actual message that everyone can understand. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The way Zinsser writes the essay it is easy to understand. He uses everyday words not dictionary words. No one wants to read an essay that every other word they have to stop and go look it up because they do not know the meaning. This causes the reader to become frustrated and they also tend to loose interest. There are too many other options presented to people today that already stray them away from reading. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By asking questions in the essay it keeps the readers attention. In the essay Zinsser asks, quot;Who is this elusive creature, the reader?quot; That question causes the people reading to stop and think, could he be talking about me? Now he has captured the readers full attention, so they read on to find the answer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout Zinssers essay he makes many suggestions to the reader in which he can better his own writing. This makes the reader go away with a good feeling. Now the reader knows what to do to get rid of the clutter in his writing. This makes the reader realize that he did not waste his time by reading the essay, but he actually learned something.Show MoreRelatedSimplicity878 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Zinsser in his essay, â€Å"Simplicity,† describes the tendency people have to inflate their own words.   A majority of us think that something is missing if a word or sentence is too simple causing us to add unnecessary information  Ã‚  only to confuse our readers. Zinsser shows us examples of this in everyday life such as a simple letter, or a brochure by an insurance company, where the corporation uses a statement that overuses vocabulary to express something so simple. Zinsser observes thatRead MoreBusiness Communication4988 Words   |  20 PagesQ.4) Parallelism in headings Parallelism is use to create balance in writing something. This balance helps readers understand what they are reading because they know what to expect and can clearly see the connections between ideas. A sentence is parallel when the items listed in a series share the same grammatical structure Parallelism can be used effectively in parts of sentences, items in a rà ©sumà ©, bulleted lists and headings in a report. How do I make headings parallel? Headings are used

Neutralization Test for Virus Free Essays

NEUTRALIZATION TEST FOR VIRUS Neutralization of a virus is defined as the loss of infectivity through reaction of the virus with specific antibody. Virus and serum are mixed under appropriate condition and then inoculated into cell culture, eggs or animals. The presence of unneutralized virus may be detected by reactions such as CPE, haemadsorption/haemagglutination, plaque formation, disease in animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Neutralization Test for Virus or any similar topic only for you Order Now The loss of infectivity is bought about by interference by the bound Ab with any one of the steps leading to the release of the viral genome into the host cells. There are two types of neutralization;- Reversible neutralization – The neutralization process can be reversed by diluting the Ab-Ag mixture within a short time of the formation of the Ag-Ab complexes (30 mins). It is thought that reversible neutralization is due to the interference with attachment of virions to the cellular receptors eg. the attachment of the HA protein of influenza viruses to sialic acid. The process requires the saturation of the surface of the virus with Abs. Stable neutralization – with time, Ag-Ab complexes usually become more stable (several hours) and the process cannot be reversed by dilution. Neither the virions nor the Abs are permanently changed in stable neutralization, for the unchanged components can be recovered. The neutralized virus can be reactivated by proteolytic cleavage. Stable neutralization has a different mechanism to that of reversible neutralization. It had been shown that neutralized virus can attach and that already attached virions can be neutralized. The number of Ab molecules required for stable neutralization is considerably smaller than that of reversible neutralization, Kinetic evidence shows that even a single Ab molecule can neutralize a virion. Such neutralization is generally produced by Ab molecules that establish contact with 2 antigenic sites on different monomers of a virion, greatly increasing the stability of the complexes. An example of stable neutralization is the neutralization of polioviruses, whereby, the attachment of the antibody to the viral capsid stabilizes the capsid and inhibits the uncoating and release of viral nucleic acid. Viral evolution must tend to select for mutations that change the antigenic determinants involved in neutralization. In contrast, other antigenic sites would tend to remain unchanged because mutations affecting them would not be selected for and could even be detrimental. A virus would thus evolve from an original type to a variety of types, different in neutralization (and sometimes in HI) tests, but retaining some of the original mosaic of antigenic determinants recognizable by CFTs. Because of its high immunological specificity, the neutralization test is often the standard against which the specificity of the other serological techniques is evaluated. Before the neutralization test is carried out, the known components that are to be used must be standardized. To identify a virus isolate, a known pretitred antiserum is used. Conversely, to measure the antibody response of an individual to a virus, a known pretitred virus is used. To titrate a known virus, serial tenfold dilutions of the isolate is prepared and inoculated into a susceptible host system such as cell culture or animal. The virus endpoint titre is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of virus that infects 50% of the host system eg. 50% of cell cultures develop CPE, or 50% of animals develop disease. This endpoint dilution contains one 50% tissue culture infecting dose (TCID50) or one 50% lethal dose (LD50) of virus per unit volume. The concentration of virus generally used in the neutralization test is 100 TCID50 or 100 LD50 per unit volume. The antiserum is titrated in the neutralization test against its homologous virus. Serial twofold dilutions of serum is prepared and mixed with an equal volume containing 100TCID50 of virus. The virus and serum mixtures are incubated for 1 hour at 37oC. The time and temperature for incubation varies with different viruses. The mixtures are then inoculated into a susceptible host system. The endpoint titration contains one antibody unit and is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the antiserum protecting against the virus. Generally 20 antibody units of antiserum is used in the neutralization tests. How to cite Neutralization Test for Virus, Papers

Walmart - Business Management Case Study - Click to Get Solution

Question: Describe about a Case study of Walmart? Answer: Executive summary: This report includes the business management process of Walmart. It is an American based multinational retail corporation that offers extensive ranges of products within various countries of world. It also operates its business activities by taking the strategy of merger and acquisition. It operates its business operation within many countries of Europe, Asia by merging some medium company. The Slogan of the company is Save money, live better. Main motto of this company is to help the customers in order to save the money by purchasing products from Walmart. Innovative thinking and the service of the leadership has helped this company for sustaining the growth within the market. This retail company of America offers extensive ranges of products, like cell phones, electronic products, clothing products, various health related products, equipment for exercising, ornaments, television sets, video games and many items. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with several companies of retail business in those operating countries. It also operates its effective business activities by taking the advantage of online medium. It offers ecommerce website for operating business activities. . Walmart operates its effective business operation within 11,000 stores under 71 banners among 21 countries of World. Apart from this, there are e-commerce websites within 11 countries. Main aim of Walmart is to help the customers in order to save the money and live more happily. On the other hand, it can be analyzed that financial position of the company is more or less good. The share price of this company is not so high. However, the forward price of Walmart is effective. However, this company has also offered extensive business operation with different countries. It mainly takes the strategy of mergers and acquisition in order to operate effective business within the global market. At the first year of operation, Walmart has started its first store in America. After that, gradually Walmart opened various stores and other operations in countries of Latin America, Europe. Walmart has also started its effective business operation within the developing countries, like India, some countries of Africa etc. Apart from doing business, this company also engages with different activities of corporate social responsibility within the countries where it operates its business globally. Walmart has taken initiative to help those poor people by operating some activities of corporate social responsibility. 1.0. Introduction: This report contains a detail analysis of Walmart. This is a multinational company that operates its business activity within the international market sector. It is an America based retail corporation that operates a chain of departments and warehouses stores within the international market. This study includes detail analysis of the products of the firms, industry and competitive position of this company within the international market. This report also contains the level of foreign operations of this company within the international market. It also includes the ratio analysis of the financial data. 1.1. Background of the company: Walmart is an American multinational retail company. First store of this company was opened Rogers (1962). Sam Walton is the founder of this company. Main motto of this company is to help the customers in order to save the money by purchasing products from Walmart. Innovative thinking and the service of the leadership has helped this company for sustaining the growth within the market. Walmart has operated its business within many countries of world. It is a multinational company. It offers huge ranges of different products through retail outlets as well as online medium under the product branding strategy. Slogan of the company is Save money, live better. Figure 1: Logo of the company (Source: www.walmart.com, 2015) Firstly, it has opened its store in United States. However, it has expanded its business within the international level. It also operates its effective business within online medium by using e-commerce websites. Customers can also access the Walmart stores from cell phones. It has become an International business company in the year of 1991. It operates its business within 26 countries outside United States. It also has 6,100 stores at international level. Therefore, the international business scenario of Walmart is increasing gradually. Apart from doing business, this company also engages with different activities of corporate social responsibility within the countries where it operates its business globally. This company always tries to meet the needs and demands of the customers of different countries as because every country has different value and choice and socio economic condition. Walmart also operates business within some third world countries. Therefore, Walmart has made th e initiative to meet the expectations and demands of the countries (Diva-portal.org, 2015). 1.2. Products of the firm: This retail company of America offers extensive ranges of products, like cell phones, electronic products, clothing products, various health related products, equipment for exercising, ornaments, television sets, video games and many items. This company serves a huge variety of products within the international market. Walmart stores offer some store brands. Store brands are related to some line of products. As stated by, Toor (2014) store brands can be recognized as a line of products those are branded by the retailer within the brand identity of the company. This can be refereed as product branding or house branding. There are some brands of products. Therefore, Sams choice, Great Value, Equate, Mainstays, Dr. Thunder, Special Kitty, White Stag, George are the name of the brands of Walmart. Therefore, this retail company offers various products under different name. This process can be called as product branding strategy. Walmart therefore offers in-stores and online facility to the customers. Customers can shop from the online store and as well as traditional retail stores of Walmart. This company claims that they help the customers in order to save money by shopping through retail stores, online medium and mobile devices of the customers. Walmart operates its effective business operation within 11,000 stores under 71 banners among 21 countries of World. Apart from this, there are e-commerce websites within 11 countries. Main aim of Walmart is to help the customers in order to save the money and live more happily (Tomlin, 2014). Moreover, customers have demanded for environmentally responsible products to the Walmart. For this growing demand of customers, Walmart has started to take initiative in order to provide a Sustainable Product Index Program in 2009. The goal of this company is to examine the supply chain and create an index that will help in ranking the products as per the measure of the impacts of environment. The demand of environmental friendly goods has increased within the customers. They are demanding more effective and efficient as well as sustainable products from Walmart. For this reason, This Company has taken initiatives. Customers also have the demand about the information of the entire lifecycles of the product (Walmart.com, 2015). 1.3. Business industry: Walmart operates its effective business within retail sector. This retail industry is the fastest growing market within the competitive market. Especially in United States, United Kingdom the business of retail has been increased a more. The retail industry has also grabbed its position within the countries of third world. Developing countries also are engaging with this retail industry. As defined by, Ang (2014), retail industry offers all types of products within an umbrella of a company. Customers can find all types of products from this retail sector. At the very beginning, retail business was dominated by the small target store. However, with the changing face of time multinational conglomerates has also taken over the business operation of the company. However, multinational conglomerates of retail have taken initiative in order to set up the huge distribution chains, management system as well as effective and wide marketing plans. However, segments of retail industry can be categorized by two major divisions. Those are, hard and soft. Hard retail therefore involves electronics, furniture, sporting products etc. On the other hand, soft retail industry involves by clothing, fabrics etc. Walmart is a multinational conglomerate of retail industry and it offers both hard and soft products (Ushakov Arkhipov,2014). Every retailer tries to make differences in the strategy of their business operation. Their strategy of business operation is very important in order to sustain within the industry. There are different types of retailers. Some companies operate retail business by operating department stores. Department stores refer to very large stores who offer wide variety of products and services. Some companies also offer huge variety of products and services by giving discount on products. This is the main competitive factor of these types of companies. There can be Demographic types of retail business. Demographic retailers focus only upon a particular segment of product or service (Cox et al. 2013). Therefore, Walmart operates business by operating sale by departmental store and discount store. 1.4. Competitive position of the company within the market: Walmart has achieved a good position within the competitive market. Walmart has achieved a secured place within the market. Market share of Walmart was 65.4% in 2012 within the U.S market of retail industry. Target and Kmart are two main competitors of Walmart in the retail sector of America (). The market share of Walmart has increased a lot. On the other hand, e-commerce market share of Walmart has also been increased. Main competitors of Walmart are Kmart, Target in American market. These two supermarket chains of United States also offer products and services at a very low cost. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with these retail companies in order to sustain within the competitive market sector. However, in U.K market sector, main competitors of Walmart are Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys etc. The retail industry is increasing within the retail market of United Kingdom. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with several retail companies in U.K. Therefore, Walmart can be stated as the largest retailer of the world. However, the online activity and ecommerce of Walmart is also increased a lot. Therefore, Amazon is positioned first in the process of operating business through online activity. Therefore, Walmart is following Amazon for operating the online activity within the market. Therefore, Walmart also has competed in the ecommerce activity within different market share of several retail companies. However, Walmart has maintained a secured position than other retailers within the market. Walmart has tried to maintain its effective warehouse operation of its own. Walmart has also situated its stores in small areas and towns. At the very beginning of its journey Walmart has situated different stores within some areas where no competitors have entered. Walmart operates some discount stores. Those discount stores provide products at 10-15% lower than other traditional as well as conventional stores of the exiting market (Bhandarker, 2014). Therefore, (Brijs (2013) analyzed that, the process of store-operation of Walmart is also very effective rather than other competitors of the market. Walmart has maintained a structure of sales that offers $300 sales per square fit. On the other hand, the amount of sales per square fit is $209 of Target and $209 of Kmart. Walmart therefore spent 1.5% for the information system of discount stores. It is comparatively higher than other competitors of the market. Walmart therefore utilizes effective technology in order to decrease the inventory cost. This process also helps Walmart to increase the sale within the competitive market. Therefore, diversification of the products of Walmart is very effective that helps to sustain in the competitive market. 1.5. Financial performance of the company: As stated by, Hill et al. (2013) Walmart has an impressive attributes as well as track record for sustainable growth. It offers an accurate balance sheet. The share price of this company is not so high. However, the forward price of Walmart is effective. DRAG analysis of Walmart therefore shows the growth rate of this company. The share of Walmart will be high by 20-25%. On the other hand, the share of Walmart stores stays effective for all time. Wal-Mart Industry Analysis Industry Beta 0.98 Stock Beta 0.45 10 Year EPS Std Dev 7.5% Industry Score 3/3 Figure: Drag analysis of Walmart (Source: Stoichev, 2014, pp-309) Therefore, Walmart serves a lot as an effective retail store. The shares of Walmart always exhibit the below-average beta. Figure : Beta analysis of Walmart (Source: Yang Chen, 2014, pp-23) On the other hand, Joshi Pande (2014) argued that, in the fiscal year of 2014, Walmart could not achieve earnings per share. Wal-Mart Competitive Position Analysis Gross Margin 24.8% Operating Margin 5.5% Return on Assets 7.6% Return on Invested Capital 12.9% Competitive Position Score 2/3 Figure: Analysis of Competitive position of Walmart (Source: Pantano, 2014, pp-340) 1.6. Level of foreign operations: At the very beginning, Walmart has located its first store in United States. Gradually, this company has taken the initiative to operate at foreign as well as international level. At the year of 1995, Walmart has located its stores in three over populated countries of Latin America. Mexico, Brazil and Argentina were three countries where Walmart has grabbed the position within the market. In Mexico, Walmart has started joint ventures also. In the year 1996, Walmart entered into the market of China. In 2009, this company also opens 40 new outlets in various states of China. In 2006, Walmart has opened approx 73 stores within 36 cities. However, Walmart has begun its operation in Europe by 1998. In Europe, Walmart had to face some troubles in this region in order to operate most effective business (). Here, Walmart has faced trouble for poor location. Walmart had to compete with large supermarket of Europe, like Aldi, Lidi etc. However, Walmart has overcome these troubles by taking strategic decision. On the other hand, Walmart has acquired ASDA Group PLC for entering the market of United Kingdom. For this case, Walmart has taken the strategy of merger and acquisition. It had to compete with major chains of supermarkets in U.K. In 2002, it has also taken the initiative of mergers and acquisition in order to enter into the Japanese market. Walmart has only one store in India. Therefore, it has been shown that, Walmart often takes the strategy of mergers in order to operate business within global sector (). Conclusion: This report has discussed the process of business management of Walmart. Walmart is an American retail conglomerate that operates a chain of departments and warehouses stores within various countries of World. Therefore, this report has analyzed the condition of retail industry as well as position of the company within the market. This report has also discussed about the financial position of Walmart. Reference list: Books Ang, S. (2014). Research design for business management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Brijs, B. (2013). Business analysis for business intelligence. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Stephens, D. (2013). The retail revival. Mississauga, Ont.: Wiley. Hill, C., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013). Global business today. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Cox, H., Clegg, J., Ietto-Gillies, G. (2013). 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