Did Christopher Columbus Discover America

If youre studying the history of American civil liberties, odds are good that your textbook will start at 1776 and move forward from there. This is unfortunate because much of what happened during the 284-year colonial period (1492–1776) has had a profound impact on the U.S. approach to civil rights. Take, for example, the standard elementary school lesson about how Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. What are we really teaching our children? Did Christopher Columbus Discover the Americas, Period? No. Humans have lived in the Americas for at least 15,000 years. By the time Columbus arrived, the Americas were populated by hundreds of small nations and several full-out empires such as the Inca in Peru and the Aztecs in Mexico. Further, the population influx from the west continued pretty much consistently, with late migrations into the Arctic region and the Peruvian coast by Easter Islands within a century of Columbuss landfall. Was Christopher Columbus the First European to Locate the Americas by Sea? No. Viking explorers clearly visited the eastern coast of North America and Greenland by the early 10th century. There is also a largely discredited theory suggesting that European migration to the Americas may have been accomplished by the late Upper Paleolithic period, c. 12,000 years ago. Was Columbus the First European to Create a Settlement in the Americas? No. The Viking explorer Eric the Red (950–1003 CE) established a colony in Greenland in about 982 and his son Leif Erikson (970–1012) established one in Newfoundland in about 1000. The Greenland settlement lasted 300 years; but the Newfoundland one, called Lanse aux Meadows, failed after a decade. Why Didnt the Norse Create Permanent Settlements? They did set up permanent settlements in Iceland and Greenland, but they ran into difficulties because they were unfamiliar with the local crops, and the lands were already settled by people the Vikings called skraelings who didnt welcome the newcomers. What Did Christopher Columbus Do, Exactly? He became the first European in recorded history to successfully conquer a small part of the Americas and then establish a trade route for the transportation of slaves and goods. In other words, Christopher Columbus didnt discover America; he monetized it. As he boasted to the Spanish royal finance minister, upon completion of his first voyage: [T]heir highnesses can see that I will give them as much gold as they may need, if their highness will render me very slight assistance; moreover, I will give them spices and cotton, as much as their highnesses shall command; and mastic, as much as they shall order to be shipped and which, up to now, has been found only in Greece, in the island of Chios, and the Seignory sells it for what it pleases; and aloe, as much as they shall order to be shipped; and slaves, as many as they shall order to be shipped and who will be from the idolaters. I believe also that I have found rhubarb and cinnamon, and I shall find a thousand other things of value... The voyage of 1492 was still a dangerous passage into uncharted territories, but Christopher Columbus was neither the first European to visit the Americas nor the first to establish a settlement there. His motives were anything but honorable, and his behavior was purely self-serving. He was, in effect, an ambitious pirate with a Spanish royal charter. Why Does This Matter? From a civil liberties point of view, the claim that Christopher Columbus discovered America contains several problematic implications. The most serious is the idea that the Americas were in any sense undiscovered when they were, in fact, already occupied. This belief—which would later be more explicitly incorporated into the idea of Manifest Destiny—obscures the horrifying moral implications of what Columbus, and those who followed him, did. There are also troubling, albeit more abstract, First Amendment implications to our governments decision to enforce a national mythology by having our educational system tell children a lie in the name of patriotism and then require them to regurgitate this correct answer on tests in order to pass. Our government expends considerable funds to defend this lie every year on Columbus Day, which is understandably upsetting for many survivors of the American Indian genocide and their allies. As Suzanne Benally, the former executive director of Cultural Survival, puts it: We ask that on this Columbus Day, a reflection of historical facts be observed. By the time European colonizers arrived, Indigenous people had already been on this continent for more than 20,000 years. We were farmers, scientists, astronomers, artists, mathematicians, singers, architects, physicians, teachers, mother, fathers, and Elders living in sophisticated societies †¦ We object to a false and hurtful holiday that perpetuates a vision of a land open to conquest of its Native inhabitants, their highly evolved societies, and natural resources.  We stand in solidarity with the call to transform Columbus Day by not recognizing and honoring the day as Columbus Day. Christopher Columbus did not discover America, and there is no good reason to keep pretending that he did.

An Example Of Good Writing Zinssers simplicity Essay...

An Example Of Good Writing: Zinssers quot;Simplicityquot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Zinssers essay on Simplicity is an example of good writing for many reasons. The main topic in his essay is clutter. Throughout the essay he not only tells us why this is a problem, but he shows us through many detailed examples. The essay was written so that anyone who reads it could understand it. He does not use complex words that often tend to loose a reader. Zinsser asks questions throughout the essay that cause the reader to think and feel as though he is a part of the essay. The whole essay gives the reader a positive outlook on writing. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Clutter is all the unnecessary words that are added to a sentence. When a†¦show more content†¦When Zinsser is proving this point in his essay he uses the example of the president of a major university writing a very unclear letter to state a problem the school was experiencing. Zinsser translates the letter to read the actual message that everyone can understand. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The way Zinsser writes the essay it is easy to understand. He uses everyday words not dictionary words. No one wants to read an essay that every other word they have to stop and go look it up because they do not know the meaning. This causes the reader to become frustrated and they also tend to loose interest. There are too many other options presented to people today that already stray them away from reading. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By asking questions in the essay it keeps the readers attention. In the essay Zinsser asks, quot;Who is this elusive creature, the reader?quot; That question causes the people reading to stop and think, could he be talking about me? Now he has captured the readers full attention, so they read on to find the answer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout Zinssers essay he makes many suggestions to the reader in which he can better his own writing. This makes the reader go away with a good feeling. Now the reader knows what to do to get rid of the clutter in his writing. This makes the reader realize that he did not waste his time by reading the essay, but he actually learned something.Show MoreRelatedSimplicity878 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Zinsser in his essay, â€Å"Simplicity,† describes the tendency people have to inflate their own words.   A majority of us think that something is missing if a word or sentence is too simple causing us to add unnecessary information  Ã‚  only to confuse our readers. Zinsser shows us examples of this in everyday life such as a simple letter, or a brochure by an insurance company, where the corporation uses a statement that overuses vocabulary to express something so simple. Zinsser observes thatRead MoreBusiness Communication4988 Words   |  20 PagesQ.4) Parallelism in headings Parallelism is use to create balance in writing something. This balance helps readers understand what they are reading because they know what to expect and can clearly see the connections between ideas. A sentence is parallel when the items listed in a series share the same grammatical structure Parallelism can be used effectively in parts of sentences, items in a rà ©sumà ©, bulleted lists and headings in a report. How do I make headings parallel? Headings are used

Neutralization Test for Virus Free Essays

NEUTRALIZATION TEST FOR VIRUS Neutralization of a virus is defined as the loss of infectivity through reaction of the virus with specific antibody. Virus and serum are mixed under appropriate condition and then inoculated into cell culture, eggs or animals. The presence of unneutralized virus may be detected by reactions such as CPE, haemadsorption/haemagglutination, plaque formation, disease in animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Neutralization Test for Virus or any similar topic only for you Order Now The loss of infectivity is bought about by interference by the bound Ab with any one of the steps leading to the release of the viral genome into the host cells. There are two types of neutralization;- Reversible neutralization – The neutralization process can be reversed by diluting the Ab-Ag mixture within a short time of the formation of the Ag-Ab complexes (30 mins). It is thought that reversible neutralization is due to the interference with attachment of virions to the cellular receptors eg. the attachment of the HA protein of influenza viruses to sialic acid. The process requires the saturation of the surface of the virus with Abs. Stable neutralization – with time, Ag-Ab complexes usually become more stable (several hours) and the process cannot be reversed by dilution. Neither the virions nor the Abs are permanently changed in stable neutralization, for the unchanged components can be recovered. The neutralized virus can be reactivated by proteolytic cleavage. Stable neutralization has a different mechanism to that of reversible neutralization. It had been shown that neutralized virus can attach and that already attached virions can be neutralized. The number of Ab molecules required for stable neutralization is considerably smaller than that of reversible neutralization, Kinetic evidence shows that even a single Ab molecule can neutralize a virion. Such neutralization is generally produced by Ab molecules that establish contact with 2 antigenic sites on different monomers of a virion, greatly increasing the stability of the complexes. An example of stable neutralization is the neutralization of polioviruses, whereby, the attachment of the antibody to the viral capsid stabilizes the capsid and inhibits the uncoating and release of viral nucleic acid. Viral evolution must tend to select for mutations that change the antigenic determinants involved in neutralization. In contrast, other antigenic sites would tend to remain unchanged because mutations affecting them would not be selected for and could even be detrimental. A virus would thus evolve from an original type to a variety of types, different in neutralization (and sometimes in HI) tests, but retaining some of the original mosaic of antigenic determinants recognizable by CFTs. Because of its high immunological specificity, the neutralization test is often the standard against which the specificity of the other serological techniques is evaluated. Before the neutralization test is carried out, the known components that are to be used must be standardized. To identify a virus isolate, a known pretitred antiserum is used. Conversely, to measure the antibody response of an individual to a virus, a known pretitred virus is used. To titrate a known virus, serial tenfold dilutions of the isolate is prepared and inoculated into a susceptible host system such as cell culture or animal. The virus endpoint titre is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of virus that infects 50% of the host system eg. 50% of cell cultures develop CPE, or 50% of animals develop disease. This endpoint dilution contains one 50% tissue culture infecting dose (TCID50) or one 50% lethal dose (LD50) of virus per unit volume. The concentration of virus generally used in the neutralization test is 100 TCID50 or 100 LD50 per unit volume. The antiserum is titrated in the neutralization test against its homologous virus. Serial twofold dilutions of serum is prepared and mixed with an equal volume containing 100TCID50 of virus. The virus and serum mixtures are incubated for 1 hour at 37oC. The time and temperature for incubation varies with different viruses. The mixtures are then inoculated into a susceptible host system. The endpoint titration contains one antibody unit and is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the antiserum protecting against the virus. Generally 20 antibody units of antiserum is used in the neutralization tests. How to cite Neutralization Test for Virus, Papers

Walmart - Business Management Case Study - Click to Get Solution

Question: Describe about a Case study of Walmart? Answer: Executive summary: This report includes the business management process of Walmart. It is an American based multinational retail corporation that offers extensive ranges of products within various countries of world. It also operates its business activities by taking the strategy of merger and acquisition. It operates its business operation within many countries of Europe, Asia by merging some medium company. The Slogan of the company is Save money, live better. Main motto of this company is to help the customers in order to save the money by purchasing products from Walmart. Innovative thinking and the service of the leadership has helped this company for sustaining the growth within the market. This retail company of America offers extensive ranges of products, like cell phones, electronic products, clothing products, various health related products, equipment for exercising, ornaments, television sets, video games and many items. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with several companies of retail business in those operating countries. It also operates its effective business activities by taking the advantage of online medium. It offers ecommerce website for operating business activities. . Walmart operates its effective business operation within 11,000 stores under 71 banners among 21 countries of World. Apart from this, there are e-commerce websites within 11 countries. Main aim of Walmart is to help the customers in order to save the money and live more happily. On the other hand, it can be analyzed that financial position of the company is more or less good. The share price of this company is not so high. However, the forward price of Walmart is effective. However, this company has also offered extensive business operation with different countries. It mainly takes the strategy of mergers and acquisition in order to operate effective business within the global market. At the first year of operation, Walmart has started its first store in America. After that, gradually Walmart opened various stores and other operations in countries of Latin America, Europe. Walmart has also started its effective business operation within the developing countries, like India, some countries of Africa etc. Apart from doing business, this company also engages with different activities of corporate social responsibility within the countries where it operates its business globally. Walmart has taken initiative to help those poor people by operating some activities of corporate social responsibility. 1.0. Introduction: This report contains a detail analysis of Walmart. This is a multinational company that operates its business activity within the international market sector. It is an America based retail corporation that operates a chain of departments and warehouses stores within the international market. This study includes detail analysis of the products of the firms, industry and competitive position of this company within the international market. This report also contains the level of foreign operations of this company within the international market. It also includes the ratio analysis of the financial data. 1.1. Background of the company: Walmart is an American multinational retail company. First store of this company was opened Rogers (1962). Sam Walton is the founder of this company. Main motto of this company is to help the customers in order to save the money by purchasing products from Walmart. Innovative thinking and the service of the leadership has helped this company for sustaining the growth within the market. Walmart has operated its business within many countries of world. It is a multinational company. It offers huge ranges of different products through retail outlets as well as online medium under the product branding strategy. Slogan of the company is Save money, live better. Figure 1: Logo of the company (Source: www.walmart.com, 2015) Firstly, it has opened its store in United States. However, it has expanded its business within the international level. It also operates its effective business within online medium by using e-commerce websites. Customers can also access the Walmart stores from cell phones. It has become an International business company in the year of 1991. It operates its business within 26 countries outside United States. It also has 6,100 stores at international level. Therefore, the international business scenario of Walmart is increasing gradually. Apart from doing business, this company also engages with different activities of corporate social responsibility within the countries where it operates its business globally. This company always tries to meet the needs and demands of the customers of different countries as because every country has different value and choice and socio economic condition. Walmart also operates business within some third world countries. Therefore, Walmart has made th e initiative to meet the expectations and demands of the countries (Diva-portal.org, 2015). 1.2. Products of the firm: This retail company of America offers extensive ranges of products, like cell phones, electronic products, clothing products, various health related products, equipment for exercising, ornaments, television sets, video games and many items. This company serves a huge variety of products within the international market. Walmart stores offer some store brands. Store brands are related to some line of products. As stated by, Toor (2014) store brands can be recognized as a line of products those are branded by the retailer within the brand identity of the company. This can be refereed as product branding or house branding. There are some brands of products. Therefore, Sams choice, Great Value, Equate, Mainstays, Dr. Thunder, Special Kitty, White Stag, George are the name of the brands of Walmart. Therefore, this retail company offers various products under different name. This process can be called as product branding strategy. Walmart therefore offers in-stores and online facility to the customers. Customers can shop from the online store and as well as traditional retail stores of Walmart. This company claims that they help the customers in order to save money by shopping through retail stores, online medium and mobile devices of the customers. Walmart operates its effective business operation within 11,000 stores under 71 banners among 21 countries of World. Apart from this, there are e-commerce websites within 11 countries. Main aim of Walmart is to help the customers in order to save the money and live more happily (Tomlin, 2014). Moreover, customers have demanded for environmentally responsible products to the Walmart. For this growing demand of customers, Walmart has started to take initiative in order to provide a Sustainable Product Index Program in 2009. The goal of this company is to examine the supply chain and create an index that will help in ranking the products as per the measure of the impacts of environment. The demand of environmental friendly goods has increased within the customers. They are demanding more effective and efficient as well as sustainable products from Walmart. For this reason, This Company has taken initiatives. Customers also have the demand about the information of the entire lifecycles of the product (Walmart.com, 2015). 1.3. Business industry: Walmart operates its effective business within retail sector. This retail industry is the fastest growing market within the competitive market. Especially in United States, United Kingdom the business of retail has been increased a more. The retail industry has also grabbed its position within the countries of third world. Developing countries also are engaging with this retail industry. As defined by, Ang (2014), retail industry offers all types of products within an umbrella of a company. Customers can find all types of products from this retail sector. At the very beginning, retail business was dominated by the small target store. However, with the changing face of time multinational conglomerates has also taken over the business operation of the company. However, multinational conglomerates of retail have taken initiative in order to set up the huge distribution chains, management system as well as effective and wide marketing plans. However, segments of retail industry can be categorized by two major divisions. Those are, hard and soft. Hard retail therefore involves electronics, furniture, sporting products etc. On the other hand, soft retail industry involves by clothing, fabrics etc. Walmart is a multinational conglomerate of retail industry and it offers both hard and soft products (Ushakov Arkhipov,2014). Every retailer tries to make differences in the strategy of their business operation. Their strategy of business operation is very important in order to sustain within the industry. There are different types of retailers. Some companies operate retail business by operating department stores. Department stores refer to very large stores who offer wide variety of products and services. Some companies also offer huge variety of products and services by giving discount on products. This is the main competitive factor of these types of companies. There can be Demographic types of retail business. Demographic retailers focus only upon a particular segment of product or service (Cox et al. 2013). Therefore, Walmart operates business by operating sale by departmental store and discount store. 1.4. Competitive position of the company within the market: Walmart has achieved a good position within the competitive market. Walmart has achieved a secured place within the market. Market share of Walmart was 65.4% in 2012 within the U.S market of retail industry. Target and Kmart are two main competitors of Walmart in the retail sector of America (). The market share of Walmart has increased a lot. On the other hand, e-commerce market share of Walmart has also been increased. Main competitors of Walmart are Kmart, Target in American market. These two supermarket chains of United States also offer products and services at a very low cost. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with these retail companies in order to sustain within the competitive market sector. However, in U.K market sector, main competitors of Walmart are Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys etc. The retail industry is increasing within the retail market of United Kingdom. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with several retail companies in U.K. Therefore, Walmart can be stated as the largest retailer of the world. However, the online activity and ecommerce of Walmart is also increased a lot. Therefore, Amazon is positioned first in the process of operating business through online activity. Therefore, Walmart is following Amazon for operating the online activity within the market. Therefore, Walmart also has competed in the ecommerce activity within different market share of several retail companies. However, Walmart has maintained a secured position than other retailers within the market. Walmart has tried to maintain its effective warehouse operation of its own. Walmart has also situated its stores in small areas and towns. At the very beginning of its journey Walmart has situated different stores within some areas where no competitors have entered. Walmart operates some discount stores. Those discount stores provide products at 10-15% lower than other traditional as well as conventional stores of the exiting market (Bhandarker, 2014). Therefore, (Brijs (2013) analyzed that, the process of store-operation of Walmart is also very effective rather than other competitors of the market. Walmart has maintained a structure of sales that offers $300 sales per square fit. On the other hand, the amount of sales per square fit is $209 of Target and $209 of Kmart. Walmart therefore spent 1.5% for the information system of discount stores. It is comparatively higher than other competitors of the market. Walmart therefore utilizes effective technology in order to decrease the inventory cost. This process also helps Walmart to increase the sale within the competitive market. Therefore, diversification of the products of Walmart is very effective that helps to sustain in the competitive market. 1.5. Financial performance of the company: As stated by, Hill et al. (2013) Walmart has an impressive attributes as well as track record for sustainable growth. It offers an accurate balance sheet. The share price of this company is not so high. However, the forward price of Walmart is effective. DRAG analysis of Walmart therefore shows the growth rate of this company. The share of Walmart will be high by 20-25%. On the other hand, the share of Walmart stores stays effective for all time. Wal-Mart Industry Analysis Industry Beta 0.98 Stock Beta 0.45 10 Year EPS Std Dev 7.5% Industry Score 3/3 Figure: Drag analysis of Walmart (Source: Stoichev, 2014, pp-309) Therefore, Walmart serves a lot as an effective retail store. The shares of Walmart always exhibit the below-average beta. Figure : Beta analysis of Walmart (Source: Yang Chen, 2014, pp-23) On the other hand, Joshi Pande (2014) argued that, in the fiscal year of 2014, Walmart could not achieve earnings per share. Wal-Mart Competitive Position Analysis Gross Margin 24.8% Operating Margin 5.5% Return on Assets 7.6% Return on Invested Capital 12.9% Competitive Position Score 2/3 Figure: Analysis of Competitive position of Walmart (Source: Pantano, 2014, pp-340) 1.6. Level of foreign operations: At the very beginning, Walmart has located its first store in United States. Gradually, this company has taken the initiative to operate at foreign as well as international level. At the year of 1995, Walmart has located its stores in three over populated countries of Latin America. Mexico, Brazil and Argentina were three countries where Walmart has grabbed the position within the market. In Mexico, Walmart has started joint ventures also. In the year 1996, Walmart entered into the market of China. In 2009, this company also opens 40 new outlets in various states of China. In 2006, Walmart has opened approx 73 stores within 36 cities. However, Walmart has begun its operation in Europe by 1998. In Europe, Walmart had to face some troubles in this region in order to operate most effective business (). Here, Walmart has faced trouble for poor location. Walmart had to compete with large supermarket of Europe, like Aldi, Lidi etc. However, Walmart has overcome these troubles by taking strategic decision. On the other hand, Walmart has acquired ASDA Group PLC for entering the market of United Kingdom. For this case, Walmart has taken the strategy of merger and acquisition. It had to compete with major chains of supermarkets in U.K. In 2002, it has also taken the initiative of mergers and acquisition in order to enter into the Japanese market. Walmart has only one store in India. Therefore, it has been shown that, Walmart often takes the strategy of mergers in order to operate business within global sector (). Conclusion: This report has discussed the process of business management of Walmart. Walmart is an American retail conglomerate that operates a chain of departments and warehouses stores within various countries of World. Therefore, this report has analyzed the condition of retail industry as well as position of the company within the market. This report has also discussed about the financial position of Walmart. Reference list: Books Ang, S. (2014). Research design for business management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Brijs, B. (2013). Business analysis for business intelligence. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Stephens, D. (2013). The retail revival. Mississauga, Ont.: Wiley. Hill, C., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013). Global business today. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Cox, H., Clegg, J., Ietto-Gillies, G. (2013). 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